Rationale Skin Care

Benzoyl Peroxide 4%- Antibacterial agent effective against P.acnes.
Niacinamide 2%- helps down-regulate excess sebum production.
Kunzea Extract 1%- Soothing agent with anti-microbial properties.
Menthyl Lactate 1%- Helps reduce redness with a coolingeffect on the skin.

Contraindications/Precautions:

Eczema, Dermatitis, Abrasions, Raw Skin- Benzoyl peroxide may cause irritation if used with these skin conditions. Patients with these conditions in the treatment area should consult a dermatologist before proceeding with treatment.

Daily Dose SPF25 45grams

• Natural Mineral Sun Protection-Nanonised zinc oxide provides high SPF, broad-spectrum protection. Tested to stringent Australian standards. TGA approved sunscreen. Helps prevent premature ageing, pigmentation and other signs of fun damage. Soothing formulation.
• Anti-oxidant Defense- Vitamins A, C & E help further neutralize harmful free radicals caused by ultraviolet radiation.
• Optimal Hydration- Intense moisturisation using the skin own Intercellular Lipids and natural Moisturising Factors.

Other Features:

• Unique, all-in-one formulation-sun protection, anti-oxidant and moisturisation combined.
• Invisible, low0sheen finish with nanonised zinc
• Non-greasy, non-whitening.
• Ideal for sensitive skin
• Ideal for patients with organic (chemical) sunscreen allergy.

Need To Know:

• Daily Dose SPF25 contains 12.5% nanonised zinc oxide.

Product Usage:

• Use every day. Begin with Rationale Niacinamide Serum and Rationale Rejuvenating Serum for maximum anti-oxide protection. The apply Rationale Daily Dose SPF25 liberally to all sun-exposed areas. To apply, use fingers or a sponge to massage product evenly into the skin surface.
• This product may be used in a clinical setting, after procedures such as IPL, to calm the skin and conceal any redness.

Ingredients:

Water (S), Zinc Oxide (SU), C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate (M), Aluminium Starch Octenylsuccinate (T), Glycerin (M), Water (and) Pentylene Glycol (and) Glycerin (and) Sodium Lactate (and) Lactic Acid (and), Serine (and) Urea (and) Sorbitol (and) Sodium chloride (and) Allantion (M), PEG-30 Dipolyhdroxystearate (T), Phenoxyethanol (and), propylparaben (and), Isobutylparaben (P), Magnesium sulfate (T), Water (and) Ethoxydiglycol (and) Propylene Glycol (and) Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Extract (and) Butylene (and) Glucose (and) Bisabolol (M), Ascorbyl Palmitate (AO), Orange Essential Oil (M), Cholesterol (M), Lecithin (M), Octyldodecanol (and), Hydrogenated Coco- Glycerides (and) Helianthus Annus (sunflower) Seed Extract (M)

Enriched Hydration 60grams

Patient Benefits:

• Maximum skin hydration from Intercellular Lipids (ILs) and Natural Moisturising Factors (NMFs)-the skin own moisturizing systems.
• Helps restores suppleness and softness with phytoestrogens
• B-group vitamins (B3 and B5) assist with barrier function and reduce photo-induced responses.
• Antioxidant vitamins A, C & E help reduce sensitivity, and protect from photo damage.

Need To Know:

• Dry skin is caused by a depletion of ILs and NMFs in the epidermis. Enriched Hydration works to replenish these components, fortifying the skin protective barrier.
• Dry skin is almost always sensitive. This is due to depletion of ILs and NMFs which normally protect the skin from irritants. When skin is deficient in these components, environmental irritants cane more readily penetrate the epidermis and create sensitivity.

Product Usage:

• Enriched Hydration may be applied liberally at any time of day.
• A second layer of Enriched Hydration can be applied around the ey area to reduce dryness and sensitivity.

Ingredients:

Water (S), lanolin [Medilan] 10% (IL), Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (IL), Glyceryl stearate (and) PEG-100 , Glycerin (NMF), PEG-40 Stearate (E), Cyclomethicone (M), Water (and), Pentylene Glycol )and) Glycerin (and) Sodium Lactate (and) lactic Acid (and) Serine (and) Urea (and) Sorbitol (and) sodium Chloride 9and), Allantion (NMF), Panthenol (B), Niacinamide (B), Cetearyl Alcohol (E), Sweet Orange Oil (M), Phenyl Trimethicone (M), Dimethicone (M), sodium PCA (NMF), Carbomer (T), Lecithin (and) Polysorbate 20 (and) Sorbitan Laurate (and) Propylene Glycol Stearate (and) Propylene Glycol Laurate (E), Tocopherol Acetate (A), Retinyl Palmitate (A), Cyclomethicone (and) Soybean Oil (and) Phospholipids (and) Oleic Acid (and), Linoleic Acid (and) Tocopheryl Acetate (and) Linolenic Acid (and) Creamides III (and) Cholesterol (and) Phytosphingosine (IL), Ethoxydigylcol (and) Propylene Glycol (an) Butylene Glycol (and) Panax Ginseng Root Extract (and) Glucose (PE), Ascorbyl Palmitate (A), Bisabolol (PE), Cholesterol (IL), Propylparaben (P), Hydroxyethylcellulose (T), Methylparaben )P), Allantion (M), Imidazolidinyl Urea (P), Sodium Hydroxide (T).

Code breaker= S- solvent, IL- intercellular, E- emulsifier, NMF- natural moisturising factor, M- moisturiser, B- B group vitamins, T- thickener, A- antioxidant, PE- phytoestrogen.

Explanations:

Intercellular Lipids- Augment ILs in intercellular spaces of stratum corneum. Facilitate barrier lipid repair.
Natural Moisturising Factors- Supplement NMFs in stratum corneum to enhance moisture-binding capacity in upper epidermis.
B-Group vitamins- help reduce sensitivity by protecting immune function and fortifying barrier function.
Antioxidants- Act as exogenous free radical scavengers to militate against formation of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals.

MicroPeel 15ml

Patient Benefits:

• Clinical strength home-use chemical peel
• Designed for patients use-once a week
• Self-neutralising-safe for patients to use at home
• Enhances skin tone and texture
• Helps unclog pores
• Assists with fine lines
• Fades epidermal pigmentation
• Decreases sensitivity

Need To Know:

• Micropeel promotes exfoliation by lowering pH, activating the stratum corneum enzyme Cathepsin-D, which releases excess surface corneocytes.
• Use once a week in place of a mask
• Provides benefits of low-strength clinical peel weekly in between clinic vists.
• pH 3.8 to 4.1
• Contains 28% hydroxy acids-18% AHA (hydrophilic exfoliant) and 10% BHA (lipophilic exfoliant).
• Exfoliation is important for cell differentiation, the process by which keratinocytes migrate and transform to form the stratum corneum. As we age, the rate at which keratinocytes migrate slows considerably. This results in a tired complexion, rough dry skin and can also have negative consequences for conditions such as skin cancer. Exfoliation helps to normalize differentiation speed, resulting in fresher healthier skin cells forming the stratum corneum.
• Micropeel shows excellent results with acne patients due to its hydrophilic/lipophilic keratolytic action. Penetrates both the water and oil soluble pathways of the SC.

Product Usage:

• Use weekly at night, after cleansing and before moisturisation. Do not use Skin Refining Serum or other AHA/BHA product on the same evening as the micropeel.
• Patients will experience a moderate stinging sensation upon application of the product. This normally subsides within 2-3 minutes if desired.
• Patients may notice the stinging sensation temporarily returns when they apply moisturiser over the micropeel. This is caused by water in moisturisers temporarily lowering pH. This sensation will also quickly subside.

Ingredients:

Alcohol (S), Water (S), Water (and) Vaccinium Myrtillus Extract (and) Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract (and) Acer Saccherum (Sugar Maple) Extract (and) Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract (and) Citrus Medical Limonum (Lemon) Fruit Extract (Ex), Salicylic Acid (Ex), Lactic Acid (Ex), Hydroxypropylcellulose (T).

Code breaker= Ex- exfoliant, S- solvent, T- thickener.

Explanations:

Alpha Hydroxy Acids (18%)- (Lactic Acid, Glycolic Acid, Cirtic Acid, Malic Acid, Tartaric Acid) Hydrophilic exfoliants. Active in upper layers of stratum corneum. Help exfoliate excess cornecytes.
Beta Hydroxy Acid 10% (Salicylic Acid)- Lipophilic exfoliant. Active in follicular lining. Help exfoliate cellular debris.

Contraindications/Precautions:

Moisture+ 100ml

Patient Benefits:

• High-level hydration helps protect dry skin from environmental assaults.
• Contains Intercellular Lipids (ILDs) and natural Moisturising Factors (NMFs), the skinStearate own moisturizing systems.

Need To Know:

• Dry skin is caused by a depletion of ILs and NMFs in the epidermis. Moisture+ works by helping replenish these cellular components, fortifying the skin protective barrier. Dry skin is almost always sensitive skin. This is because the ILs and NMFs protect the skin from irritants. When the skin is deficient in these components, environmental irritants can more readily penetrate the epidermis and create sensitivity.

Product Usage:

• Moisture+ may be applied liberally at any time of day.
• A second layer of Moisture+ can applied around the eye area to reduce dryness and sensitivity.

Ingredients

Water (S), Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (M), Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG-100 Stearate (E), Glycerin (M), Cyclomethicone (M), PEG-40 Stearate (E), Sodium PCA (M), Sweet Orange Oil (M),Phenyl Trimethicone (M), Dimethicone (M), Tocopheryl Acetate [Vit. E] (AO), Retinyl Palmitate [Vit. A] (AO), Ascorbyl Palmiatate [Vit. C] (AO), Bisabolol (A), Niacinamide [Vit. B3] (AO), Panthenol [Vit. B5] (A), Cetearyl Alcohol (E), Carbomer (T), Hydroxyethylcellulose (T), Cyclomethicone (and) Soybean Oil (and) Phospholipids (and), Oleic Acid (and) Linoleic Acid (and) Tocopheryl Acetate (and) Phytosphingosine Lecithin (and) Polysorbate 20 (and) Sorbitan Laurate (and) Propylene Glycol Stearate (and) Propylene Glycol Laurate (M), Water (and) Pentylene Glycol (and) Glycerin (and) Sodium Lactate (and) Lactic Acid (and) Serine (and) Urea (and) sorbitol (and) Sodium Chloride (and) Allantion (M), Allantoin (A), Cholesterol (M), Methylparaben (P), Propylparaben (P), Imidazolidinyl Urea (P)

Code breaker=  S- solvent, M- moisturiser, E- emulsifier, A- anti inflammatory, AO- anti oxidant, T- thickener, P- preservative.

Explanations:

Intercellular Lipids (ceramides, cholesterol, triglycerides)- Augment ILs in intercellular spaces of stratum corneum. Facilitate barrier lipid repair.
Natural Moisturising factors (glycerin, sodium lactate, lactic acid, urea, serine)- Supplement NMFs in stratum corneum to enhance moisture-binding capacity in upper epidermis.
B-group vitamins (panthenol- Vit. B5 2%, niacinamide- Vit B3 2%)- Reduce sensitivity by protecting immune function.

Neutraliser Concealer SPF25 45grams

Patient Benefits

• SPF 25 protection against UVA and UVB using only nanoised zinc oxide.
• Tested to stringent Australian standards
• Conceals rednes with iron and zinc oxides.
• Suitable for the most sensitive skin.
• Suitable for those allergic to organic (chemical) sunscreen
• Anti oxidant vitamins A,C and E provide additional protection against the creation of free radicals.
• Anti inflammatory zinc oxide also promotes wound healing
• Invisible, low-sheen finish with nanoised zinc

Need To Know:

• Neutraliser Concealer SPF25 contains 25% nanoised zinc oxide.
• Although Neutraliser Concealer is tinted product, it is invisible on the majority of skin types. Tint helps to give the impression of a more even skin tone and conceals redness.

Product Usage:

• Product may be used at any time of day or night. To apply, use fingers or a sponge to massage product evenly into the skin surface.
• This product may be used in a clinical setting after procedures such as IPL, to calm the skin and conceal any redness. For further information please see the procedures pages.

Ingredients

Water, Zinc Oxide (S), Cyclomethicone (M), Isopropyl Myristate (M), PEG-30 Dipolyhydroxy-stearate (E), Aluminium Starch Octenylsuccinate (E), Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (M), Glycerin (M), Phenoxy-ethanol (and) Methylparaben (and) Ethylparaben (and) Butylparaben (and) Propylparaben (and) Isobutyl-paraben (P), Magnesium Sulphate (T), PVP/Eicosene Copolymer (T), Sweet Orange Oil (M), Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Extract (M), Tocopheryl Acetate (A), Retinyl Palmitate (A), Ascorbyl Palmitate (A), Iron Oxides(Pi), Lecithin (M).

Niacinamide Serum 25ml

Patient Benefits:

• Helps protect skin immune functions.
• Improves signs of sun damage, including wrinkles and dryness/roughness
• Ideal as maintenance treatment for hyper pigmentation
• Helps regulate sebum production
• Reduces sensitivity/anti-irritant.

Need To Know:

• Niacinamide strengthens skin immune defense by preventing suppression of the skin immune responses to UVR.
• Reduces melanotic hyper pigmentation in 2 ways-
1. Melanotropin (a- MSH) Inhibition (Undecylenoyl phenylalanine)
2. Melanosome Transfer Inhibitiion (Niacinamide)

• Non-cytotoxic- may be used over large areas for extended periods without risk of melancytotoxicity.
• Ascorbyl Glucoside- stable vitamin C analogue. Skin lightening and antioxidant properties.
• Palmitoyl pentapeptide3- stimulates production of collagen.

Product Usage:

• Niacinamide Serum may be used morning and night.
• May be used over entire facial area, neck, chest and backs of hands.
• Should be used in combination with antioxidant vitamins A, C and E (Rationale Rejuvenating Serum), and zinc oxide sunscreen (Rationale Daily Dose SPF25+)

Ingredients

Water (S), Niacinamide (L), Glycerin (and) Flycerul Polyacrylate (M), Glycerin (M), Ascorbyl Glucoside (AO), Glycerin (and) Butylene Glycol (and) Aqua (and) Carbomer (and) Polysorbate 20 (and) Palmitoyl Pentapeptide 3 (L/M), Undecylenoyl Phenylalanine (L), Sodium Hyaluronate (M), Diazolidinyl Urea (P), Methylparaben (P), Propylparaben (P) Rosemary Essential Oil, White Tea Essential Oil (AO).

Code breaker= L- skin lightener, M- moisturiser, P- preservative, S- solvent, AO- antioxidant.

Explanations

Niacinamide 10% (Vitamin B3)- Helps prevent photo-immunosuppression caused by UVR. Inhibits melanosome transfer to the keratinocytes. Also assits down-regulation of sebum production.
Ascorbyl Glucoside 2% (Ascorbic Acid 2- Glucoside)- Promotes synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts. Reduces fine lines and wrinkles. Helps suppress melanin synthesis.
Undecylenoyl Phenylalanine 0.5% (UCPA)- Melanotropin inhibitor (a- MSH antagonist). Competes with melanotropin at the MC1R receptor on the melanocyte, thus inhibiting melanogenesis.
Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3- Stimulates fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, resulting in reduction of the appearance of wrinkles.
Sodium Hyaluronate- Increases hydration in upper epidermis.

Known Contraindications/Precautions:

Pregnancy- there is insufficient data about the safety of this product during pregnancy. Patients should be made aware of this at time of consultation.

Preparatory Cleanser 200ml

Patient Benefits:

• Gentle cleansing- no detergents
• Non-irritant solvent formula
• Contains antioxidant vitamins
• Helps soothe and calm skin
• Moisturising
• Oil free
• Suitable for most sensitive and/or acne prone skins.

Need To Know:

• Rationale Preparatory Cleanser is a solvent-based cleanser suitable for al skin types. Gently removes make-up and debris without irritation
• Detergent-based (foaming) cleansers can strip the skin of Intercellular Lipids and Natural Moistursing Factors. This causes sensitivity, irritation and rebound overproduction of sebum, leading to acne.
• Creamy cleansers (oil-based) can clog pores
• Rationale Preparatory Cleanser has the luxurious look and feel of a creamy cleanser but is actually oil-free

Product Usage:

• Preparatory Cleanser may be used morning and night.
• Will remove all make-up, including eye make-up.
• For dry skin- wet face with lukewarm water. Lather cleanser all over face and neck. Leave on for a few minutes to soften and moisturise. Tissue or sponge off. Leaves a moisturising layer on the surface.
• For normal to oily skin- wet face with lukewarm water. Lather cleanser all over face and neck. Rinse off with lukewarm water.

Ingredients

Water (S), Propylene Glycol (S), Ceteth-20 (E), Cetyl Alcohol (E), Stearyl Alcohol (E), Niacinamide (A), Panthenol (A), Glycerin (M), Sweet Orange Oil (M), Ascorbyl Palmitate (A), Retinyl Palmitate (A), Tocopheryl Acetate (A), Bisabolol (A), Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract (A), Allantoin (A), Diazolidinyl Urea (and) lodopropynyl Butylcarbamate (P)

Code breaker= S- solvent, M- moisturiser, A- anti inflammatory, E- emulsifier, P- preservative.

Explanations

Propylene Glycol- Solvent= gently cleans the skin without irritation.
Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)- Helps protect skin barrier function to prevent irritation.
Panthenol (provitamin B5)- Fortifies skin barrier function.
Tocopheryl Acetate (vitamin E)-  Antioxidant vitamin. Soothing agent. Moisture binder.
Retinyl Palmitate (vitamin A + Palmitic acid ester)- antioxidant vitamin. Moisturising properties.
Ascorbyl Palmitate (Vitamin C + Palmitic acid ester)- Antioxidant vitamin
Bisabolol (Chamomile extract)- Anti irritant. Antioxidant vitamin.

Rejuvenating Serum 25ml

Patient Benefits:

• Helps defend against UVR and formation of free radicals
• Boosts skin immunity
• Promotes firmer skin tone and softer texture
• Reduces the appearance of fine lines
• Improves translucency
• Helps fade pigmentation and unclog pores
• Aids moisturisation

Product Usage:

• Use sparingly in the morning
• 2-3 drops is sufficient for the entire face
• A tingling sensation may occur on application, due to the low pH of the product. This normally disappears after 30-60 seconds.

The Serum:

• Rejuvenating Serum consists of clinically established concentrations of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E in a propylene glycol serum base.
• As a category, antioxidant vitamins help to defend skin against free radicals, which are generated during exposure to UV radiation and other environmental aggressors such as pollution. They can also improve skin function and reduce signs of photo ageing.
• Rejuvenating Serum is in a propylene glycol base which improves penetration into the stratum corneum and creates an anaerobic environment to keep the product stable.
• pH of Rejuvenating Serum is 2.8. Low pH (<3.5) is considered essential in L-ascorbic acid products for dermal penetration and efficacy. Due to the acidity of this formulation, some patients will notice a tingling or prickling sensation of application. This quickly subsides.
• Vitamins A, C and E work synergistically both in the skin and in the serum to prevent oxidation & degradation of vitamin potency.

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid):

• Vitamin C occurs naturally in the skin as a result of dietary intake. As a result of intrinsic and photo ageing, dietary intake does not result in optimal levels of Vitamin C in the skin. Naturally-present Vitamin C is degraded by UV radiation and reactive oxygen species.
• Studies with cultured fibroblasts indicate a strong increase in collagen synthesis after exposure to ascorbate. Vitamin C stimulates the production of collagen in the skin, ameliorating structure and firming skin tone.
• L-ascorbic acid is an excellent free radical scavenger, preventing formation of DNA lesions and visible signs of ageing. In vitro studies show strong cytoprotective qualities for Vitamin C.
• High dosage Vitamin C may improve the performance of skin lightening products and procedures. In vitro studies have shown the ability of ascorbic acid to interfere in melanin synthesis.

Vitamin A (Retinol):

• Topically delivered retinol is capable of being metabolised into retinaldehyde and retinoic acid (tretinoin) according to theoretical models.
• Retinoic acid is also associated with reversal of photo ageing, causing improvement in epidermal thickness, dysplasia, keratoses and collagen production.
• Clinically, retinol seems to elicit these same anti-photo ageing effects. The mechanism for this is not yet known.
• Retinol is effective in fading pigmentation as it accelerates exfoliation of melanised keratinocytes.
• Retinol assists with cellular differentiation and exfoliation by promoting cleavage of corneocytes from the stratum corneum.
• Retinoic acid is demonstrated to be effective in acne therapy due to its ability to normalise cellular shedding inside individual sebaceous follicles. It is possible that retinol helps to improve acne by this mechanism.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol acetate):

• Tocopherol acetate has been demonstrated to provide protection against UV damage, including erythema and edema.
• Clinical studies suggests that the combination of vitamin E and C is more effective then either vitamin applied singly in providing photo-protection. Added vitamin A completes the vitamin antioxidant profile.

Ingredients

Water (S), Propylene Glycol (S), Glycerine, L-Ascorbic Acid (A), L- lysine, L- Retinol (A), Sweet Orange Oil (M), Tocopherol Acetate (A),

Code breaker= A- antioxidant, S- solvent, M- moisturiser

Explanation

Propylene Glycol- Solvent for antioxidants. Offers excellent percutaneous absorption as well as preventing oxidisation of antioxidants.
Sweet Orange Oil-  moisturiser and fragrance agent.

Contraindications:

Retinaldehyde Serum 15ml

Patient Benefits:

• Provides outstanding retinoid benefits with low irritancy profile
• Smoothes and clarifies skin tone and texture
• Increases skin hydration
• Assists repair following UV exposure and sun damage
• Illuminates complexion and helps fade pigmentation

Need To Know:

• Use RAL as non-irritating alternative to RA, where patients are intolerant of RA therapy or are non-compliant due to side-effects
• As with all retinoids, avoid use during pregnancy.

Product Usage:

• Use nightly. Cleanse with Rationale Preparatory Cleanser. Apply a few drops of Rationale Retinaldehyde Serum to face, neck, chest and backs of hands. Follow with Rationale Skin Refining Serum and Rationale Moisture+ or Enriched Hydration.

Ingredients

Water (S), Butylene Glycol (S), C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate (M), Phenoxyethanol (and), Methylparaben (and), Butylparaben (and) Propylparaben (and) Ethylparaben (P), Sodium Hyaluronate (M), Natta Gum (AO), Butylated Hydroxytoululene (AO), Retinaldehyde (A),  PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil (M), Sodium Bisulfite (AO).

Skin Refining Serum 50ml

Patient Benefits:

• Gentle chemical exfoliant
• Improves skin tone and texture
• Helps unclog pores and prevent breakouts
• Erase fine lines
• Fades epidermal pigmentation
• Promotes hydration levels
• Helps decrease sensitivity to topical irritants and improve stratum corneum barrier function

Product Usage:

• The Skin Refining Serum is normally used at night, after cleansing and before moisturisation
• Patients will experience a tingling or prickling sensation upon application of the product. This quickly subsides. On subsequent applications, this sensation will become less pronounced.
• Skin Refining Serum should be left on the skin (not rinsed off).
• Patients may notice the stinging sensation temporarily returns when they apply moisturiser over the Skin Refining Serum. This is caused by water on skin temporarily lowering pH. This sensation will also quickly subside.

Ingredients

Water (S), Water (and) Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract (and) Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract (and) Acer Saccharinum (Sugar Maple) Extract and Citrius Aurantium (Orange) Fruit Extract and Citrus medical Limonum (Leon Extract) (Ex), Ethoxydiglycol (S), Salicylic Acid (Ex), Lactic Acid (Ex), Hectorite (and) Hydroxyethylcellulose (T), Sweet Orange Oil (AI), Chloracetamide (and) Sodium Benzoate (P).

Code breaker= S- solvent, Ex- exfoliant, T- thickener, P- preservative, AI- anti inflammatory

Explanation

Alpha Hydroxy Acid 13% (Bilberry Extract- Lactic Acid, Sugar Cane Extract, Glycolic Acid, Maple Extract- Malic Acid, Organe Extract- Citric Acid, Lemon Extract- Citric Acid)- Hydrophilic exfoliants, Active in upper stratum corneum, Helps remove excess, corneocytes, Pro-differentiation.
Beta Hydroxy Acid 5% (Salicylic Acid)-  Lipophilic exfoliant, Active in follicular lining, Helps remove cellular debris.

Contraindications/Precautions:

Patients with sensitivity to salicylic acid

FAQ
How does Skin Refining Serum work?

Skin Refining Serum helps exfoliate by lowering pH, activating the enzyme Cathepsin-D, which releases excess surface corneocytes

What is the pH of Skin Refining Serum?

What is the balance of AHA and BHA in Skin Refining Serum?

Skin Refining Serum contains 18% hydroxy acids, 13% AHA (hydrophilic exfoliant) and 5% BHA (lipophilic exfoliant).

Why is exfoliation so important?